Building method

ABSTRACT

A steel joist formwork and a composite steel and concrete floor structure provided with a top chord, a bottom chord and a web joining the top and bottom chords with the top chord being serpentine shaped like an S or Z and including top and bottom, generally horizontal portions and an intermediate portion integrally connecting opposite edges of the top and bottom portions with the top and intermediate portions substantially being adapted to be embedded in the concrete floor to cause the floor and steel joists to act structurally as a composite beam. Either the web or a leg depends vertically from the free end of the bottom portion of the top chord, and the web joining the top and bottom chords is substantially solid or is, an open web formed of a zig-zag bar member. There is also disclosed a building system and erecting method utilizing steel joists spaced apart by spanner bars which also support rigid panels which act as formwork for the pouring of concrete. The spanner bars and the joists are so arranged to cooperate that the spanner bars may be removed together with the rigid panels after the concrete has been poured, and the spanner bars, the rigid panels and if desired the steel joists may be reused for formwork for additional poured concrete construction. Alternatively the joists may be left in place either with the top chords embedded in the poured concrete to provide a composite action, or merely supporting the concrete slab in the conventional fashion. A novel cold rolled sheet steel joist may be advantageously used to form a particularly economical composite system. This steel joist is shaped in an I-beam configuration with an upper top chord bent to have the appearance of the letter Z in cross-section for bonding with the concrete floor.

baited States Patent 1191 Butts et a1.

[ 1 BUILDING METHOD [75] Inventors: Ernest O. Butts; John S. Hall, both of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [73] Assignee: Hambro Structural Systems Limited,

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada [22] Filed: July 24, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 274,514

Related US. Application Data [60] Division of Ser. No. 220,627, Jan. 25, 1972, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. Nos. 872,017, Oct. 29, 1969, abandoned, and Ser. No. 145,758, May 21, 1971.

[52] US. Cl 264/31, 52/743, 52/334 51 Int. Cl E04g 11/50, EO4g 21/00 [58] Field of Search 52/743, 321, 694, 648;

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 9/1934 Zollinger 52/321 2,457,250 12/1948 Macomber.... 2,508,635 5/1950 Badt 249/30 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 1,162,523 4/1958 France 52/648 Primary ExaminerI-Ienry C. Sutherland Assistant Examiner-James L. Ridgill, Jr. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Cushman, Cushman Darby &

[ June 18, 1974 [57] ABSTRACT A steel joist formwork and a composite steel and concrete floor structure provided with a top chord, a bottom chord and a web joining the top and bottom chords with the top chord being serpentine shaped like an S or Z and including top and bottom, generally horizontal portions and an intermediate portion integrally connecting opposite edges of the top and bottom portions with the top and intermediate portions substantially being adapted to be embedded in the concrete floor to cause the floor and steel joists to act structurally as a composite beam. Either the web or a leg depends vertically from the free end of the bottom portion of the top chord, and the web joining the top and bottom chords is substantially solid or is, an open web formed of a zig-zag bar member. There is also disclosed a building system and erecting method utilizing steel joists spaced apart by spanner bars which also support rigid panels which act as formwork for the pouring of concrete. The spanner bars and the joists are so arranged to cooperate that the spanner bars may be removed together with the rigid panels after the concrete has been poured, and the spanner bars, the rigid panels and if desired the steel joists may be reused for formwork for additional poured concrete construction. Alternatively the joists may be left in place either with the top chords embedded in the poured concrete to provide a composite action, or merely supporting the concrete slab in the conven tional fashion. A novel cold rolled sheet steel joist may be advantageously used to forma particularly economical composite system. This steel joist is shaped in an I-beam configuration with an upper top chord bent to have the appearance of the letter Z in cross-section for bonding with the concrete floor.

9 Claims, 28 Drawing Figures PATENTEB JUN 1 8 m4 SHEET 1 OF 8 This application is a division of our copending application Ser. No. 220,627, filed Jan. 25, 1972, which is a continuation-in part of both of our copending applications Ser. No. 872,017 filed Oct. 29, 1969, now abandoned and Ser. No. 145,758 filed May 21, 1971.

The present invention relates to a composite floor system and parts and formwork therefor and erecting method for use in the construction of buildings such as large open span buildings. The present invention is particularly concerned with composite floor systems and a novel form of open web steel joist for use in such a floor system.

In accordance with the present invention, one form of steel joist comprises a top chord, a bottom chord and a zig-zag bar web having its apices welded to the top and bottom chords. The top chord includes a first flange extending parallel to the plane of the web, a second flange connected to the first flange above the web, a third flange obliquely connected to the second flange and a fourth'flange connected to the third flange and substantially parallel to the second flange, the second, third and fourth flanges being intended to be partly or wholly embedded in a concrete slab poured on formwork supported by a plurality of such open web steel joists. For the purpose of supporting such formwork, openings are provided in the first flange of the steel joist in which spanner bars may be inserted to support the formwork between the open web joists and to stabilize the joists prior to the pouring of the concrete.

In accordance with a preferred form of the invention, the concrete slab poured on the formwork supported from the bar joists is reinforced with a reinforcing mesh which is draped over the top flanges of the open web steel joists and hangs in a catenary-like shape between the open web joists to provide the most effective shape for shear reinforcement.

The composite floor system utilizing the applicants novel open web joists is more economical than conventional open web joists systems and permits a variety of forming materials. The mesh embedded in the concrete forms the correct catenary for maximum shear reinforcement of the concrete slab. Plywood forms may be used between the open web joists giving a degreeof lateral stability before the concrete is poured and the plywood forms may be reused in subsequent concrete pouring operations. 8

A particularly significant aspect of the invention is that the spacing between open web joists may be greatly increased over the spacings presently utilized, since the spanner bars positioned between the open web joists and the joists themselves carry the construction loads and the completed composite floor system has adequate strength to carry all design loads once the construction has been completed. It will be appreciated that several inherent advantages of composite construction are obtained; for example, a whole floor or roof assembly when poured forms a single unit which provides increased strength and stability to the structure.

It is also within the scope of the present invention to form large span floors using the openweb joists of of the invention, which may be propped during construction and which when the composite system has achieved its ultimate strength are capable of supporting 2 the design loads across the full span without propping.

The present application also relates to building systems and in particular a building system in which a combination of open web joists, spanner bars and rigid panels are utilized to support a poured concrete floor. In accordance with one form of the invention the spanner bars and rigid panels may be removed after the concrete has set and reutilized. In accordance with a further preferred form of the invention the open web steel joist may also be removed after the concrete has set and reused.

The present application also relates to a composite floor system for use in the design and construction of buildings such as large open span buildings in which a cold rolled sheet steel joist is formed in the shape of an I-beam with an upper chord bent to have the appearance of the letter Z in cross-section.

An object of the invention is to provide an economical and strong composite floor system by the use of cold rolled sheet steel members.

A further object of the invention is to provide a novel spanner or roll bar for use with-novel formwork pursuant to the present invention.

A further object of the invention is to provide a floor system which can be adapted to permit efficient and economical erection and disassembly of a multiple use formwork material to receive the concrete slab of this composite floor system. This is accomplished by the use of openings which are cut at regular intervals along the horizontal length of the vertical flange of the cold rolled sheet steel joists into which the ends of the spanner bars which are shaped so that they may, by use of a hammer or similar object, be wedged into this opening. Due to the shape of the openings the removalof the spanner bars is accomplished by moving the spanner bars in the opposite direction as when they were wedged-in during erection. This latter procedure permits safe and easy removal of firstly the spannerbars and secondly the formwork material. Spanner bars and formwork material can then be reused for the subsequent construction of additional composite floor systems following the teachings of the present invention.

, In accordance with the present invention there is provided a building system wherein metal joists are supported in parallel spaced relation, and means are provided for removably supporting rigid-panels mounted between and filling the space between adjacent joists, saidmeans comprising at least two bars extending between adjacent joists with the ends of the bar being removably held to the joists.

In the accompanying drawings which illustrate various embodiments of the present invention:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view from below of a composite floor system utilizing the applicants novel open web joists,

FIG. 2 is a perspective view from above illustrating some details of the FIG. 1 construction of open web joists in accordance with the invention,

FIG. 3 is a perspective detailillustrating the notches formed in the first flange of the applicants novel open web joists, U 7

FIG. 4 is an elevational end view of an open web joist of the present invention,

FIGS. 5 and 6 are elevational views showing portions of floor systems utilizing the open web joists of the present invention,

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an alternative S form of top chord for use with the present invention,

FIG. 8 is an end view of a modification of the FIG. 7 form of top chord for joists in accordance with this invention,

FIG. 9, is a side view of a portion of any of the top chords of this invention with a modified vertical flange,

FIG. 10 is a vertical section through a building system pursuant to the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view partly broken away illustrating removable formwork pursuant to the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 11 illustrating a slightly modified type of top chord in removable formwork of the invention;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of yet another form of the reusable formwork system pursuant to the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a perspective view with the panels removed of yet another form of reusable formwork of the invention;

FIG. 15 illustrates a less preferred form of elongated slot provided for receiving the end of a spanner bar;

FIG. 16 illustrates a spanner bar adapted for utilization with the elongated slot of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 illustrates the preferred form of elongated slot;

FIG. 18 illustrates another form of spanner bar;

FIG. 19 illustrates an alternative form of elongated slot intended for utilization with a spanner bar as illustrated inFIG. 18;

FIGS. 20 and 2] illustrate alternative forms of top chord for the open web steel joist for utilization with the roll bar illustrated in FIG. 22;

FIG. 22 illustrates a roll bar adapted for utilization with the top chords of FIGS. 20 and 21;

FIG. 23 is a vertical section through a wall form constructed pursuant to the present invention;

FIG. 24 is a perspective view of the back of a wall form pursuant to the present invention;

FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a cold rolled sheet steel joist in accordance with a preferred form of the invention;

FIG. 26-is a vertical section through a composite floor system' using the applicants novel cold rolled steel joistsi FIG. 27 is a vertical section illustrating the spanner bar and novel cold rolled sheet steel joist; and,

FIG. 28 is a plan view of a spanner bar in accordance whth a preferred embodiment of the invention.

In FIG. I there is shown in perspective a composite floor system constructed in accordance with the pres ent invention. A composite floor system is indicated generally at 10 including a plurality of open web or bar joists I I and a poured concrete slab 12 containing a reinforcing mesh 13. As illustrated in FIG. I, each of the open web joists 11 includes a bottom chord 14, a zigzag or serpentine configured bar web 15 and a novel shaped top chord 16 which is described in greater detail below.

Positioned between the bar joists 11 are steel spanner bars 17, the ends 17' which (see also FIGS. 2, 5, 6 and 28) are offset from either the top or bottom surfaces of the bars and extend through openings 18 formed in the top chord 16 of the open web joists. For ease in inserting the spanner bar ends, openings 18 have an upwardly directed leg 18' (FIG. 2) for initially receiving the ends 17' which are then moved or driven and jammed into the shorter horizontal legs of the openings to lateral provide stability, rigidity, proper joist spacing and concrete pouring form support. In the left side of FIG. 1, bars 17 are illustrated in a position supporting a reusable plywood form 19, and in the right side of FIG. 1, bars 17 are illustrated supporting a steel pan 20 of known type.

It will be noted in FIGS. 1 and 2 that knock out portions 21 are shown in the depending legs or vertical flanges 16a of top Chords 16 in the open web joists Ii beneath the ends of the spanner bars 17. These pieces 21 are so formed (prescored or the like) during manufacture of the open web or bar joists 11 that they form knock out panels which can be removed after the concrete has been poured in the composite floor system and the spanner bars 17 and the formwork 19 or 20 removed and reused for the subsequent pouring of additional composite floors following the teachings of the present invention. Alternative and more preferred forms of spanner bar 17 and openings 18 are illustrated in FIGS. 15 19 and 28. It will be appreciated that the size and shape of the opening 18 in which the ends of the spanner bar 17 are fitted may depend upon the particular form of spanner bar used and similarly the size and shape of the knockout panel 21 will also vary depending upon the particular type of spanner bar used. In FIG. I, spanner bars 17 on the left side of the drawing are shown with a substantial portion of the bar projecting below the apertures or slots 18 (see also FIG. 5), whilein the right side of FIG. 1 (and in FIG. 6) the substantial portion of the bar projects above apertures 18. That is, in accordance with a further feature of the invention, such a shape of spanner bar permits the use of either a thicker plywood type panel or form 19 or a thinner sheet metal pan type panel 20 merely by reversing the position of the bar 17 during insertion. For use with the plywood panels, the offset at the ends of 17 of the spanner bars is from the lower surface thereof, but for the sheet metal panels 20 the offset of the spanner bar ends 17 is relative to the upper surface of the bars. It is contemplated that the spanner bars 17 normally would be removed from the composite structure and the formwork such as 19 in FIG. 1 would be taken away and reused. However, it will be appreciated that a specific application in accordance with the invention might include retaining the spanner bars as partof the permanent structure although normally these bars are removed together with the concrete supporting formwork once the concrete has set.

In FIG. 2, there is illustrated in perspective, a pair of open web bar joists 26 and 27 (each the same as joists II in FIG. I) and a spanner bar 17. As previously mentioned, the spanner bar openings 18 are disposed in the depending leg or vertical flange 16a of the top chord 16 together with knock out panel 21 which may be removed after the concrete of the composite floor is poured to release the spanner bar 17. In this embodiment, the novel serpentine shaped top chord 16 has a transverse cross-section in the form of the letter Z, i.e., of a zig-zag configuration, and includes three integral portions or flanges 16b, 16c, and 16d besides leg 16a. Top and bottom portions 16b and 16d are superposed with intermediate portion 160 angling or being disposed obliquely between opposite ends of those top and bottom portions. This shape provides for greater transfer of load from the slab to the joist and greatly increased shearing resistence between the top cord and the concrete floor. Of considerable importance as later described is the fact that leg 16a depends from the free end or edge l6e of the bottom portion.

In FIG. 3 an alternate form of spanner bar 17 is illustrated as including a notch 29 which co-operates with the sides of the opening 18 to increase the structural rigidity of the open web joists and spanner bars during construction as more fully discussed in relation to FIG. 28. This increased rigidity is sufficient to eliminate the requirement for bottom bridging during erection and prior to setting of the concrete. The ends 17 of the bars may alternatively be longitudinally wedged shaped if desired.

FIG. 4 is a vertical transverse section or end view through a bar joist constructed in accordance with the present invention clearly illustrating the crosssection of the novel top chord 16 of the present invention. The bottom chord 14 which, in this particular joist (and in FIG. 1) is shown as formed of a pair of rods, is welded to the bottom apices of zig-zag web 15 which in turn is welded at its upper apices to the top chord 16. As shown, the lower horizontal flange 16d bottoms on the top of web 15, which is secured against the depending leg or vertical flange 16a for greater stability.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the use of spanner bars in accordance with the present invention to support formwork during the pouring of concrete. FIG. 5 closely resembles the left side of FIG. 1, and FIG. 6 closely resembles the right side of FIG. 1. As before, open web joists 11 support spanner bars 17 above which in FIG. 5 is mounted a plywood form 19 and in FIG. 6 a steel pan 20. It will be noticed in FIGS. 5 and 6 that the same spanner bar is used in both cases but that in FIG. 6 the offset edge is positioned upwardly whereas in FIG. 5 the offset edge 30 is positioned facing down. This allows for the difference in thickness between the plywood form 19 and the steel pan 20. Thus in accordance with the invention a single type of spanner bar 17 may be used to support either plywood, for example, or steel pan formwork'on which the concrete composite floor may be poured. It will also be noted that the top chords 16 of the novel open web joists 1 1 are substantially embedded in the concrete floor (though in practice the lower face 16d, and perhaps a short part of intermediate portion l6c, may or may not be embedded) and that the reinforcing mesh 13 hangs in a catenary shape upon and between the open web joists 11 providing the proper shear reinforcement'for the concrete floor.

FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate other alternative forms of serpentine shaped top chords. The Z-shaped top chord 16 of FIGS. 1-6 is altered in FIGS. 7 and 8 to a smoothly curved S-shape surmounting the usual vertical flange 16a forming an integral top chord 16. The opposite ends of the upper and lower curved flanges or portions 16'b and 16d are integrally connected at opposite edges with the obliquely directed intermediate portion 16c, and the whole chord is preferably cold rolled steel. In both embodiments, leg 16a depends from the free end 16'e ofthe bottom portion l6d, which in FIG. 8 fully underlies the upper portion l6'b but only partially so if at all in FIG. 7.

FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative form of opening 18 in the vertical leg or flange 16a of the open web joist for supporting the spanner bar. As before, opening 18 is provided with a knock out portion 21. In this case the L-shaped opening 18' is formed with a downwardly directed vertical leg 18' and a horizontally directed leg so that knock out portion 21 is a small rectangular member attached at two edges to the remaining metal of the vertical flange 16a.

As will become more apparent hereinafter, the vertical leg 18 of the openings 18 shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 9 are not absolutely necessary, particularly when the thickness of the ends 17 is less than the height of opening 18. That is, with such a lesser thickness, the spanner bars 17 can be inserted into opening 18 While their breadth is in a horizontal position, and then the bars can be rotated or rolled into the vertical position shown for bars 17 in FIGS. 1-3. 7

As discussed below with regard to later figures, spanner bars 17 preferably have some sort of handle means to effect such rotation for insertion into and removal from openings 18.

From the foregoing, itis also apparent that knockouts 21 shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 9 are not basically necessary either as long as the spanner bars 17 can be removed if desired from openings 18 without such knockouts.

As previously indicated, the top chords 16 in FIGS. 19 above are made of sheet metal, preferably cold rolled steel, all in one piece. Preferably also, spanner bars 17 are of heavier steel gauge than the sheet metal for top chords 16, for example, the thickness of spanner bars 17 may be in the order of one-quarter inch to one half inch metal plate while top chords 16 are of 10 to 17 gauge steel.

Spanner bars 17 are tightly fitted into openings 18 and, consequently, the heavier steel gauge of ends 17' may cause some deformation in the vertical legs 16a when the'spanner bars are hammered, wedged and/or rolled into place in openings 18. This tight fit greatly improves the stability'of the erected joists before concrete is poured. Generally spanner bars 17 are of rect angular cross-section with a maximum height, for example, in the order of two to three inches.

The spacing between adjacent joists which is usually approximately four feet, although of course, it may be any other desired distance. Normally the joist spacing is considerably greater than with prior art steel joistconcrete slab construction since the slab in the present invention gives a composite action which increases the load bearing capacity beyond that of the joist alone. It should be appreciated that the above dimensions are given only as representative examples to which limitation is not intended.

As previously mentioned, the vertical legs 16a of top chords 16 depend from their respective lower portions 16a at the free or outer edges 16e thereof. As may be readily noted in FIGS. 1 and 2, as Well as FIGS. 5 and 6, the top chords 16 are all oriented in the same way. For example, as seen in FIG. 1, all of the vertical legs 16a depend on the left side of their respective top chords 16. This is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 from which it is also readily apparent that the intermediate flanges or portions of the two top chords 16 extend obliquely in the same direction, i.e., both angle upwardly to the left. In other words, the Z configuration of each top chord is oriented in exactly the same manner as in the next top chord. This means that each span ner bar 17 which is disposed between successive top chords is overlaid by only one of the lower portions 16d of those chords. Consequently, in constructing the formwork, the plywood panel 19 or steel panel 20 shown in FIGS. 1, and 6 may have one of its longitudinal edges pushed on the spanner bars underneath the lower portion 16d, and then the opposite edge of that plywood or steel panel is dropped or otherwise brought down to rest on the spanner bars adjacent the opposite leg 16a. This provides for a relatively tight fit of the panel causing a substantially concrete leakproof pouring form, though in fact there may be a one-half inch or so leeway between the panel edges and the legs 16a. Additionally, this provides for ready removal of the panels from below after the concrete has set, by merely removing the spanner bars in the manner above described, allowing the panels to be recovered for reuse if desired. The plywood forms, which conveniently may be standard 4 foot by 8'foot sheets, provide a diaphragm action to further stiffen the floor before concrete is poured.

As is apparent from the foregoing, all joists normally have flush shoes and hence no infilling is required between joists in masonry construction. This leads to a reduction in sound transmission. In addition, the stiffness of the resulting composite steel and concrete floor reduces both vibration and deflection.

Still further embodiments of the invention are discussed below.

In FIG. there is shown a vertical section through a building utilizing a construction system of the present invention. As illustrated, there is shown a concrete wall 40 which may be either poured, masonry, block or could alternatively be a column placed ahead of the floor system. On either side of the wall 40 are placed temporary scaffolds 41 and 42 on the top ends of which are supported open web steel joists or bar joists 43 and 44 which have open webs as previously described.

Supported between successive open web joists are rigid panels 19, for example of plywood. These panels span transversely to the joists 13 and 44, the ends of the spanner bars being received in openings 18 formed in the lower edge of the top chord or in the upper part of the web of the open web joists 43 and 44.

The steps in the process of erecting a building utilizing the building system of FIG. 10 typically would consist of pouring a floor or foundation, erecting vertical walls or columns, positioning temporary scaffolding to support the open web joists, inserting spanner bars and plywood panels between the joists, and pouring the suc cessive floor of the building. After an appropriate period of time, for example, seven days, the spanner bars and panels would be stripped from the open web joists, and after a further period of time, for example 28 days, the open web joists would be removed, together with the temporaryscaffolding. This material could then be raised to a higher floor of the building and reused to make formwork for pouring a succeeding upper floor of the building. The poured concrete floor would be reinforced in the usual way to carry all loads between the vertical walls and columns.

It should be noted that there is no need for reshoring of the poured concrete floors in this system. By allowing the open web joists to remain in place, the necessity for reshoring is avoided, and thus the construction of the building can be accelerated since mechanical trades can have access to the floor at an earlier date than would be required if reshoring were utilized.

As an alternative form of construction it is within the scope of the present invention to support the open web joists as permanent portions of the building structure, and to incorporate the open web joists as permanent portions of the building. Such open web joists may either have a conventional top chord having a flat upper surface, or may utilize a form of top chord provided with shear connection to the concrete to give a composite action which results in a significant decrease in the cost of building construction as hereinbefore described. It will be appreciated that any poured concrete structure will of course have to include reinforcing elements to strengthen the concrete, but for the sake of simplicity such reinforcement has not been illustrated in FIG. 10.

With the system of the present invention it is possible to utilize standard material sized to form the plywood panels and the spacing of the open web joists may for example be advantageously fixed at approximately four foot centers, thereby enabling the use of standard 4 X 8 sheets of plywood which are the most inexpensive size commercially available. It should also be recognized that in accordance with contemporary construction practice, such plywood panels would be treated with a release coating, such as oil, to avoid adherence of the concrete to the panel. Such a release coating enables the ready stripping of the forms from beneath the poured concrete floor with a minimum loss of formwork due to accidental destruction.

As illustrated in FIG. 10, and in other sheets of the drawings, the spanner or roll bars 17 may be equippped with one or more permanent handles 45 or alterna tively such roll bars may be utilized together with removable handles resembling spanner wrenches which are utilized to grasp the roll bar for rotation during insertion and removal. As further discussed hereinbelow, the roll bars are formed of a material of a substantially rectangular cross-section and are suitably notched at the ends to stabilize the positioning of the joists during construction. Additionally, the plywood panels utilized together with the roll bars serve to give a diaphragm action to reinforce the formwork against horizontal loads during pouring of the concrete floors.

In FIG. 11 there is illustrated in perspective a section of formwork used in a building system pursuant to the present invention as illustrated in FIG. 10. The open web joist 43 supports a spanner bar or roll bar 17 on which a rigid plywood panel 19 is positioned. A like panel 19A is positioned on the opposite side of the open web joist 43 from the panel 19 and is supported by a spanner bar (not illustrated). The form of open web joists shown in FIG. 11 utilizes a hat section top chord which has a substantially flat upper surface and horizontally extending flanges 61 and 62 to support the edges of the plywood forms 19A and 19 respectively. A portion of an elongated opening 18 is also illustrated in the drawing.

FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative form of top chord which is provided with a flat upper surface 63 with one long vertical leg 64 and a short vertical leg 65. As before, the long vertical leg is provided with elongated openings 18 for cooperation with the roll bars 17 which support panels 19, and 19A.

FIG. 13 illustrates an alternative embodiment of the invention utilizing an alternative form of top chord for each of the open web joists 43 and in which a second (lower) roll bar 17 is utilized to connect the bottom chords of the open web joists 43 to provide bridging where necessary for strengthening the formwork. As before, the plywood panel 19 is supported by the upper roll bar 17 and fits between, and have its upper surface substantially flush with, the tops of the top chords of joists 43.1t will be noted that the form of top chord illustrated in FIG. 13 (also partially shown in FIG. 21) includes a channel 66 with upwardly extending lips 67 positioned at either side of the joist into which the notched ends of the upper roll bars 17 are fitted. Between successive lips 67 in this channel, notches are provided at appropriate locations so that the roll bars may be removed after pouring of the concrete floor.

FIG. 14 illustrates another alternative embodiment of the invention in which the top chord is formed in the shape of an inverted channel with elongated openings for cooperation with the ends of the roll bars 17, and a bridging bar 25 is provided connecting the bottom chord of the open web joist which bottom chord is formed by a pair of angles with a space therebetween.

' bar 17, while in FIGS. 18 and 22 notches 26 are rectangular and respectively in the upper and lower surfaces of the bars. Preferably the notches 26 in the spanner bars of FIGS. 18 and 22 have a width slightly greater than the gauge of the top chord material. In use bar 17 is turned with handles 55 so that the flat side of the material extends in the long direction of the hole 18, and the bar may then be inserted in the hole and rotated so that the sides of the notch 26 engage the bottom edges of the hole 18 to fix the bar in relation to the hole 18.

FIG. 20 illustrates another form of top chord which might be utilized with spanner bars of shape illustrated in FIG. 22. In this case the notches 26 are formed in the lower edge of the spanner bar and sit on the upturned lips 28 of the top chord of the open web joist.

FIG. 21 illustrates a shape of top chord also shown in FIG. 13 which has a channel 66 provided with upturned lips 67 to cooperate with a spanner bar such as that illustrated in FIG. 22-

FIG. 23 illustrates the application of the principles of the present invention to erect formwork for vertical constructions such as the pouring of concrete walls. FIG. 24 is a perspective from one side of the formwork illustrated in FIG. 23, and the two figures of drawings will be described together for simplicity. A vertically extending member 50 which resembles an open web joist of tapering depth is positioned vertically and provided with a channel 51 with a plurality of elongated openings 52. Spanner or roll bars 53 are inserted in the openings 52 in the channel 51 and serve to support rigid panels 54 from outward motion. A bottom tie consisting of a pipe spacer 56 is provided at the base of the wallfonn and a top tie 56 is positioned at the top of the wallform. As before the concrete wall is poured the shape being retained by the formwork and after the concrete has set the formwork is stripped by removal of the spanner bars and the panels and subsequently by removal of the vertical reinforcing members 50.

In FIG. 25, there is shown in perspective a joist constructed of a single piece of cold rolled sheet steel in accordance with the present invention. The joist is generally in I beam form and includes a bottom chord 111 which may, for example, have in a generally rectangular shape, a vertical flange 112 and a generally Z- shaped top chord 113. In erecting the composite floor system described in FIGS. 26 and 27, special cold rolled sheet steel joists 110, in a similarly oriented and properly spaced parallel relationship, are supported at opposite ends upon any usual and conventional supports.

Positioned between two such novel joists 110 are spanner bars 114 which may have tapered and notched ends 115 as shown in FIG. 16, or conform to the preferred shape FIG. 28. The ends 1 15 cooperate with the tapered openings 116 in the vertical leg or flange 112 and are wedged into openings 116 during erection. The plurality of openings 116 are generally rectangular in shape with one side so tapered from the bottom to the top that when spanner bar end 1 15 is inserted and hammered into the opening 116 spanner bar 114 becomes wedged securely. Preferably the roll bar or spanner bar 114 are provided with handles 120 to assist in positioning the roll bar during erection. Supported on the spanner bar 114 is the reusable formwork 119 which is effectively sealed againstloss of wet concrete by the return lip or bottom portion of the Z-shape of the top chord 113 and the vertical face 112 of the opposite joist 1 10.

Once the spanner bars are removed the openings 116 may serve as pass-ways for electrical and mechanical conduits thereby permitting a saving in the height required between floors.

The top chords 113 of this novel joist 110 is embedded in the concrete floor 1 17 which .is part of this composite floor system,'and the reinforcing mesh 1 18 hangs in a catenary shape between the novel joists 110 to provide a proper reinforcement for the concrete slab. Thus the concrete slab becomes part of the top chord.

FIG. 28 is a dimensioned plan of a roll bar or spanner bar which is the most preferred form for commercial use. As shown, the roll bar is formed of k inch thick steel plate and has an overall length of 4 ft. 5 inches. Slots 131 and 132 are spaced apart 4 ft. 1 141 inches so that standard 4 foot sheets of plywood may be used for formwork. The slots 131 and 132 are approximately inch deep and slightly wider than the gauge of sheet steel used in forming the top chord of the beams. One end 133 projects 4 inches beyond the left end-slot 131 of the bar 130 and the other end 134 projects A inch beyond the slot 132. A pair of handles 135 and 136 are tack welded to the roll bar 1311 to facilitate insertion and removal of the roll bar 1311. The extended end 133 has proven to be very useful for supporting short sections of formwork where insufficient room is available for a full length roll bar. Other advantages in the use of this form of roll bar are readily apparent to those involved in the construction of buildings pursuant to the teachings of this application.

Further modifications will become apparent to those acquainted with this art and such are to be included in the scope of this invention as defined by the following claims.

We claim:

1. In a method of building which employs a plurality of metal joists each of which includes a vertically oriented substantially S or Z shaped element having a lower portion of substantial horizontal length, said joist further including a leg vertically depending from the lower outer end of said shaped element so as to leave all of the said lower portion of said shaped element to one side of said leg, said method comprising the steps of:

orienting said joists in generally parallel spaced relation with their opposite ends supported on vertical supports and with their shaped elements all disposed in the same orientation and with their legs all depending from the same side of the respective shaped elements, extending removable spanner bars between adjacent joists with the ends of the bars removably held to the joists to secure adjacent joists rigidly parallel and mounting rigid panels on said spanner bars at the ratio of at least two bars per panel to substantially fill substantially all the space between adjacent joists, including the steps of mounting the panels individually by: a. inserting an edge of a panel under the said lower portion of a shaped element and b. then placing the opposite edge of that panel adjacent the said leg of the adjacent joist, to erect a strong substantially concrete leakproof, floor pouring formwork.

2. A building method as in claim 1 wherein said joists have a multiplicity of apertures spaced at predetermined points along the length of their respective said legs and the aforesaid step of orienting the joists causes pairs of said apertures of adjacent joists to be substantially aligned and wherein said spanner bars have at their opposite ends notch means spaced a predetermined amount which is slightly greater than the width of the panels between adjacent joists,

said method comprising in the said step of extending spanner bars between adjacent joists the substeps of: inserting the said opposite ends of each said spanner into a said pair of aligned adjacent apertures in a given orientation, and

rotating each inserted spanner bar to cause its said notch means at each end to interlock tightly with the respective joist leg and effect the desired secure spacing between joists and to increase the stability thereof.

3. A building method as in claim 2 including, after the panel mounting step, the steps of:

.disposing reinforcing mesh over said joists so as to be supported by the tops thereof and hang in a generally catenary shape therebetween,

pouring a concrete floor over the top of said panels and on said mesh and joists to fully embed said mesh and to embed all of said shaped elements from above their tops downward to said panels,

allowing the poured concrete to set and cause the resulting concrete floor and joists to act structurally as a composite beam and increase the strength and stability thereof,

rotating said spanner bars to unlock each at its opposite ends from the respective joists after the concrete floor has set,

removing the unlocked spanner bars by reciprocal longitudinal movements thereof through their respective aperture pair, and

completely removing said panels by downward movements thereof from said concrete floor and joists.

4. A building method as in claim 1 including the step of pouring a floor of concrete over the top of said panels and on said joists to embed all of said shaped elements from their top downward to said panels for causing the resulting concrete floor and joists to act structurally as a composite beam and increase the strength and stability thereof.

5. A building method as in claim 4 including after the panel mounting and before the concrete pouring, the steps of:

disposing reinforcing mesh over said joists so as to be supported by the tops thereof and to hang in a generally catenary shape therebetween, and

fully embedding said mesh by the said poured concrete.

6. A building method as in claim 4 including after the concrete has set, the further steps of:

removing said spanner bars, and

removing said panels.

7. A method of building which employs a plurality of metal joists each of which has a top portion and a leg depending off center of said top portion and containing a multiplicity of apertures spaced at predetermined points horizontally along the leg length, the steps of:

orienting said joists in generally parallel relation with their opposite ends supported on vertical supports and with their legs all depending from the same side of the respective joists and with pairs of said apertures of adjacent joists to be substantially aligned,

inserting opposite ends of spanner bars respectively into said aligned aperture pairs in given orientation, said spanner bars having at their said opposite ends notch means spaced a predetermined amount determined by the width of the below mentioned panels,

rotating each inserted spanner bar to cause its said notch means at each end to interlock tightly with the respective joist leg and effect the desired secure spacing between joists and to increase the stability thereof,

mounting rigid panels of given width on said spanner bars at the ratio of at least two bars per panel to fill substantially all the space between all of the adja cent joists.

pouring a floor of concrete over the top of said panels,

rotating said spanner bars to unlock each at its opposite ends from the respective joists after the concrete floor has set, and

removing the unlocked spanner bars by reciprocal longitudinal movements thereof through their re spective aperture pair.

8. A method of building as in claim 7 and further including the step of completely removing said panels by downward movements thereof from said concrete floor and joists.

9, A method of building as in claim 8 and further including removing said vertical supports and said joists. i= 

1. In a method of building which employs a plurality of metal joists each of which includes a vertically oriented substantially S or Z shaped element having a lower portion of substantial horizontal length, said joist further including a leg vertically depending from the lower outer end of said shaped element so as to leave all of the said lower portion of said shaped element to one side of said leg, said method comprising the steps of: orienting said joists in generally parallel spaced relation with their opposite ends supported on vertical supports and with their shaped elements all disposed in the same orientation and with their legs all depending from the same side of the respective shaped elements, extending removable spanner bars between adjacent joists with the ends of the bars removably held to the joists to secure adjacent joists rigidly parallel and mounting rigid panels on said spanner bars at the ratio of at least two bars per panel to substantially fill substantially all the space between adjacent joists, including the steps of mounting the panels individually by: a. inserting an edge of a panel under the said lower portion of a shaped element and b. then placing the opposite edge of that panel adjacent the said leg of the adjacent joist, to erect a strong substantially concrete leakproof, floor pouring formwork.
 2. A building method as in claim 1 wherein said joists have a multiplicity of apertures spaced at predetermined points along the length of their respective said legs and the aforesaid step of orienting the joists causes pairs of said apertures of adjacent joists to be substantially aligned and wherein said spanner bars have at their opposite ends notch means spaced a predetermined amount which is slightly greater than the width of the panels between adjacent joists, said method comprising in the said step of extending spanner bars between adjacent joists the substeps of: inserting the said opposite ends of each said spanner into a said pair of aligned adjacent apertures in a given orientation, and rotating each inserted spanner bar to cause its said notch means at each end to interlock tightly with the respective joist leg and effect the desired secure spacing between joists and to increase the stability thereof.
 3. A building method as in claim 2 including, after the panel mounting step, the steps of: disposing reinforcing mesh over said joists so as to be supported by the tops thereof and hang in a generally catenary shape therebetween, pouring a concrete floor over the top of said panels and on said mesh and joists to fully embed said mesh and to embed all of said shaped elements from above their tops downward to said panels, allowing the poured conCrete to set and cause the resulting concrete floor and joists to act structurally as a composite beam and increase the strength and stability thereof, rotating said spanner bars to unlock each at its opposite ends from the respective joists after the concrete floor has set, removing the unlocked spanner bars by reciprocal longitudinal movements thereof through their respective aperture pair, and completely removing said panels by downward movements thereof from said concrete floor and joists.
 4. A building method as in claim 1 including the step of pouring a floor of concrete over the top of said panels and on said joists to embed all of said shaped elements from their top downward to said panels for causing the resulting concrete floor and joists to act structurally as a composite beam and increase the strength and stability thereof.
 5. A building method as in claim 4 including after the panel mounting and before the concrete pouring, the steps of: disposing reinforcing mesh over said joists so as to be supported by the tops thereof and to hang in a generally catenary shape therebetween, and fully embedding said mesh by the said poured concrete.
 6. A building method as in claim 4 including after the concrete has set, the further steps of: removing said spanner bars, and removing said panels.
 7. A method of building which employs a plurality of metal joists each of which has a top portion and a leg depending off center of said top portion and containing a multiplicity of apertures spaced at predetermined points horizontally along the leg length, the steps of: orienting said joists in generally parallel relation with their opposite ends supported on vertical supports and with their legs all depending from the same side of the respective joists and with pairs of said apertures of adjacent joists to be substantially aligned, inserting opposite ends of spanner bars respectively into said aligned aperture pairs in given orientation, said spanner bars having at their said opposite ends notch means spaced a predetermined amount determined by the width of the below mentioned panels, rotating each inserted spanner bar to cause its said notch means at each end to interlock tightly with the respective joist leg and effect the desired secure spacing between joists and to increase the stability thereof, mounting rigid panels of given width on said spanner bars at the ratio of at least two bars per panel to fill substantially all the space between all of the adjacent joists, pouring a floor of concrete over the top of said panels, rotating said spanner bars to unlock each at its opposite ends from the respective joists after the concrete floor has set, and removing the unlocked spanner bars by reciprocal longitudinal movements thereof through their respective aperture pair.
 8. A method of building as in claim 7 and further including the step of completely removing said panels by downward movements thereof from said concrete floor and joists.
 9. A method of building as in claim 8 and further including removing said vertical supports and said joists. 